2-Deoxy-D-Glucose: A Repurposed Drug for COVID-19 Treatment

Coronaviruses is a broad group of viruses that has the potential to cause mild or severe respiratory infections. Currently, there is no specific treatment for the treatment of COVID-19. The symptomatic treatment is generally given on case-to-case basis along with basic life supportive measures for management of COVID-19. There is an acute urgency of evaluating the pre-existing drugs to develop a convincing treatment for COVID-19 or at least to reduce its severity. 2-DG being inhibitor of both glycolysis and glycosylation appears as a promising therapeutic option. In the present chapter, the rationale of repurposing of 2-DG as a potential treatment option for the management of COVID-19 has been discussed. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.

Genotype and phenotype correlations in COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2 is a chronic pneumonia-like infection reported first in 2019 December in the Wuhan province of China. Several genetic factors found to play a part in the incidence and severity of the infection such as gender, blood group, age, and even the geographical influence. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other comorbidities have been linked to SARS-CoV-2 severity and are often fatal. False positives and false negatives are caused by mutations in diagnostic instruments such as viral protein, and the same might be used to change effective treatments for this illness. These genetic variations and phenotypic changes in the virus and humans should be closely monitored to ensure accurate diagnosis and develop effective treatment options for this deadly infection. This chapter provides an overview of genotype-phenotype correlations in COVID-19 and its implications in the treatment and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Anti-Biotics And Anti-Viral Drugs In Covid Management: Systemic Review Based On Current Evidence

This review focuses on the management of Novel Corona Virus with antiviral drugs and antibiotics and therefore the worldwide dissemination of COVID-19 has been accompanied by increased use of antibiotics, according to this review, which focuses on the therapy of Novel Corona Virus with antiviral medicines and antiviral. This is linked to COVID-19 patients' priority of viral infections. In low-and middle-income countries, identifying viruses is difficult because to a lack of medical or cheap infrastructure that is easily accessible and inexpensive among diseases and pathogens. The possibility of COVID-19 spreading has increased public awareness of the need of antibiotic management systems, as well as infection control and control measures that can minimize microbial load. In underdeveloped nations, these measures are commonly employed. During the COVID-19 pandemic, studies were conducted as a test for worldwide antibiotic resistance. Respiratory problems are being blamed on the Novel Corona Virus that Include pneumonia, colds, sneezing and coughing, and other respiratory diseases. Humans are infected with the Coronavirus by airborne droplets. The World Health Organization has warned against visiting public areas and avoiding close contact with an infected individual. First, on December 31, 2019, the Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was separated from the Wuhan market in China, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic of extremely complicated viral illnesses. Patients with risk factors are more prone to develop secondary infections, which necessitate the use of antibiotics. Attempts to duplicate the medication, on the other hand, raised knowledge of the antibiotics' significance beyond infection management. Antiviral, immunomodulatory action, and unique pharmacokinetic profile of antibiotics play a significant part in the therapy of pneumonia;other benefits include cardiac safety, improved lung tissue access, and possible antiviral, and immunomodulation, but some adverse effects by usage. SARS-CoV-2 has generated an epidemic of the highly infectious new coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), which poses a severe public health concern. Given the potential for a COVID-19 outbreak, a better knowledge of the virus is critical in the event of therapeutic alternatives. We offer a thorough analysis of antimicrobials and antiviral COVID-19 in this review. We also go about COVID-19's current treatments. Copyright © 2022, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved.

Outpatient Management of COVID-19: A Primer for the Dermatologist.

Purpose of Review: To summarize diagnostic and therapeutic management of COVID-19 in the outpatient setting for dermatologists. Recent Findings: Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir-ritonavir) is the preferred treatment in patients with mild symptoms at high risk of progression to severe SARS-CoV2 infection. Additional options include monoclonal antibodies (bebtelovimab), remdesivir, and molnupiravir. Summary: Dermatologists need to be aware of recent developments in diagnostic and therapeutic management of COVID-19 in the outpatient setting, as their patients may rely on dermatologists to provide advice, particularly in cases where treatments for dermatological disease may impact the risk of COVID-19 and/or vaccine efficacy. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13671-022-00368-3.

Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome) with CT and bronchoscopic correlation: A case report.

Tracheobronchomegaly, or Mounier-Kuhn syndrome, is a clinical and radiological entity characterized by marked dilatation of the trachea and bronchi as a result of severe atrophy of the elastic fibers, with thinning of the muscularis, and the formation of diverticula between the cartilaginous rings. The etiopathogenesis is uncertain and may be congenital or acquired. The clinical signs are not specific and are frequently revealed by recurrent respiratory infections and chronic cough. The diagnosis of Mounier-Kuhn syndrome is based on well-documented measurements of the trachea and main bronchi performed on a chest computed tomography scan. The management of patients is based on symptomatic treatment and may require, in severe cases, the use of endoscopic treatment by stent placement or surgical tracheobronchoplasty. We present a case of a 59yearold patient with recurrent respiratory infections that required several hospitalizations. Diagnosed with Mounier Kuhn syndrome, the thoracic computed tomography scan demonstrated a dilated trachea until the bifurcation and focal points of bronchial dilatation. Bronchoscopic examination showed a dilated and deformed trachea with the presence of diverticula on the tracheal anterior wall. The diameter of the trachea was reduced by more than 50% during expiration and coughing. For this reason, Mounier-Kuhn syndrome should be considered in cases of recurrent respiratory infection or persistent respiratory symptoms.

Parkinson's Disease and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Particularities of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Regarding Pathogenesis and Treatment.

Accumulating data suggest that chronic neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegeneration is a significant contributing factor for progressive neuronal and glial cell death in age-related neurodegenerative pathology. Furthermore, it could be encountered as long-term consequences in some viral infections, including post-COVID-19 Parkinsonism-related chronic sequelae. The current systematic review is focused on a recent question aroused during the pandemic's successive waves: are there post-SARS-CoV-2 immune-mediated reactions responsible for promoting neurodegeneration? Does the host's dysregulated immune counter-offensive contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, emerging as Parkinson's disease, in a complex interrelation between genetic and epigenetic risk factors? A synthetic and systematic literature review was accomplished based on the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Principles Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) methodology, including registration on the specific online platform: International prospective register of systematic reviews-PROSPERO, no. 312183. Initially, 1894 articles were detected. After fulfilling the five steps of the selection methodology, 104 papers were selected for this synthetic review. Documentation was enhanced with a supplementary 47 bibliographic resources identified in the literature within a non-standardized search connected to the subject. As a final step of the PRISMA method, we have fulfilled a Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome-Time (PICOT)/Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome-Study type (PICOS)-based metanalysis of clinical trials identified as connected to our search, targeting the outcomes of rehabilitative kinesitherapeutic interventions compared to clinical approaches lacking such kind of treatment. Accordingly, we identified 10 clinical trials related to our article. The multi/interdisciplinary conventional therapy of Parkinson's disease and non-conventional multitarget approach to an integrative treatment was briefly analyzed. This article synthesizes the current findings on the pathogenic interference between the dysregulated complex mechanisms involved in aging, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration, focusing on Parkinson's disease and the acute and chronic repercussions of COVID-19. Time will tell whether COVID-19 neuroinflammatory events could trigger long-term neurodegenerative effects and contribute to the worsening and/or explosion of new cases of PD. The extent of the interrelated neuropathogenic phenomenon remains obscure, so further clinical observations and prospective longitudinal cohort studies are needed.

COVID-19 and Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2, Mutual Effects and Pharmacotherapy.

The potential relationship between diabetes and COVID-19 has been evaluated. However, new knowledge is rapidly emerging. In this study, we systematically reviewed the relationship between viral cell surface receptors (ACE2, AXL, CD147, DC-SIGN, L-SIGN and DPP4) and SARS-CoV-2 infection risk, and emphasized the implications of ACE2 on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis. Besides, we updated on the two-way interactions between diabetes and COVID-19, as well as the treatment options for COVID-19 comorbid patients from the perspective of ACE2. The efficacies of various clinical chemotherapeutic options, including anti-diabetic drugs, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, lipid-lowering drugs, anticoagulants, and glucocorticoids for COVID-19 positive diabetic patients were discussed. Moreover, we reviewed the significance of two different forms of ACE2 (mACE2 and sACE2) and gender on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. This review summarizes COVID-19 pathophysiology and the best strategies for clinical management of diabetes patients with COVID-19.

Use of Antioxidants for the Neuro-Therapeutic Management of COVID-19.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an emergent infectious disease that has caused millions of deaths throughout the world. COVID-19 infection's main symptoms are fever, cough, fatigue, and neurological manifestations such as headache, myalgias, anosmia, ageusia, impaired consciousness, seizures, and even neuromuscular junctions' disorders. In addition, it is known that this disease causes a series of systemic complications such as adverse respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, and liver dysfunction. Due to the neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19, damage in the central nervous system has been suggested as well as the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. It is known that CoV infections are associated with an inflammation process related to the imbalance of the antioxidant system; cellular changes caused by oxidative stress contribute to brain tissue damage. Although anti-COVID-19 vaccines are under development, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19 and its clinical manifestations and complications; only supportive treatments with immunomodulators, anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, modulating drugs, statins, or nutritional supplements have been used. In the present work, we analyzed the potential of antioxidants as adjuvants for the treatment of COVID-19 and specifically their possible role in preventing or decreasing the neurological manifestations and neurological complications present in the disease.

COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case for Phytomedicines.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection caused by a newly discovered coronavirus which was identified in Wuhan, China. The race is on globally to repurpose drugs for COVID-19 and develop a safe and effective vaccine against the disease. There is an urgent need to search for effective remedies against COVID-19 from the rich and extensive flora of Africa and the world. A literature search was conducted to obtain information on drugs with the potential for effectiveness in the treatment of COVID-19 based mostly on outcomes of preclinical studies and a few clinical investigations. This was considered important to this perspective as some of the identified mechanisms of action may be related to potential anti-COVID-19 actions of phytomedicines. The findings from the literature search were also used to establish the need for exploration of phytomedicines in the fight against COVID-19. This perspective identifies the need to preserve the rich tradition of herbal medicine in Africa, repositioning it by inculcating all aspects of discovery, development, and chemical evaluation of pharmaceuticals from medicinal plants for effective management of prevalent diseases. The identified mechanisms of action of current drugs under consideration for the treatment of COVID-19 include preventing fusion of SARS-CoV-2 with human cells; decrease acidity in endosomes, cell membrane-derived vesicles for transportation of the virus within the host cell and within which the virus can replicate; and blockade of the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Phytomedicines may possibly elicit either one or a combination of these effects. The case for the exploration of phytomedicines against COVID-19 is strengthened by the emergence of a number of conventional drugs from medicinal plants and the emergence of botanicals with proven efficacy for some medical conditions. Caution against indiscriminate use of medicinal plants in the guise of treating COVID-19 has been highlighted and the need for reliable preclinical and clinical studies.